Food mixing : principles and applications / edited by P.J. Cullen.
"The mixing of liquids, solids and gases is one of the most common unit operations in the food industry. Mixing increases the homogeneity of a system by reducing non-uniformity or gradients in composition, properties or temperature. Secondary objectives of mixing include control of rates of hea...
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Format: | Book |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Chichester, U.K. ; Ames, Iowa :
Wiley-Blackwell,
2009.
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Subjects: |
Table of Contents:
- 1. Mixing in the food industry: trends and challenges / P.J. Cullen and Colm P. O'Donnell
- 1.1. Role of mixing
- 1.2. Design criteria for mixing
- 1.3. Specific challenges in food mixing
- 1.3.1. Quality assurance compliance through mixing
- 1.3.2. Engineering texture through mixing
- 1.4. Advances in the science of mixing
- 1.5. Book objectives
- 2. Mixing fundamentals / Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan
- 2.1. Introduction
- 2.2. Defining mixing
- 2.2.1. Macromixing
- 2.2.2. Mesomixing
- 2.2.3. Micromixing
- 2.3. Scale of scrutiny
- 2.4. Quantifying mixedness
- 2.4.1. Inference of mixing indices
- 2.5. Determining the end point of mixing
- 2.5.1. Solids mixing
- 2.5.2. Fluid mixing
- 2.5.3. Multi-phase mixing
- 2.5.4. Alternative measures of mixedness in industrial practice
- 2.6. Residence time distributions
- 2.6.1. Modelling of residence time distributions
- 3. Kinematics of flow and mixing mechanisms / Brijesh Tiwari and P.J. Cullen
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Fluid mixing
- 3.2.1. Kinematics of fluid flow
- 3.2.2. Quantification of flow regimes
- 3.2.3. Chaotic advection
- 3.2.4. Fluid mixing mechanisms
- 3.3. Solids mixing
- 3.3.1. Mixing flow in solids
- 3.3.2. Solids mixing mechanism
- 3.4. Identification of mixing mechanisms
- 3.4.1. Solids
- 3.4.2. Fluids
- 4. Rheology and mixing / P.J. Cullen and Robin K. Connelly
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Dispersion rheology
- 4.2.1. Forces acting on dispersed particles
- 4.2.2. Parameters affecting suspension rheology
- 4.3. Fluid rheology and mixing
- 4.3.1. Shear flow
- 4.3.2. Elongational flow
- 4.4. Effects of mixing on fluid rheology
- 4.5. Mixer rheometry
- 4.5.1. Theory
- 4.5.2. Mixer rheometry applications
- 4.6. Conclusion
- 5. Equipment design / David S. Dickey
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Liquid mixing equipment
- 5.2.1. Portable mixers
- 5.2.2. General purpose liquid mixers
- 5.2.3. Mixer shafts design
- 5.2.4. Other mechanical design considerations
- 5.2.5. Special purpose liquid mixing equipment
- 5.2.6. Food specific mixing equipment
- 5.3. Powder mixing equipment
- 5.3.1. Ribbon blenders
- 5.3.2. Paddle blenders
- 5.3.3. Combination blenders
- 5.3.4. Tumble blenders
- 5.3.5. Loading and emptying blenders
- 5.3.6. Liquid addition to powders
- 5.3.7. Sampling
- 5.3.8. Safety
- 5.3.9. Blending systems
- 5.4. Equipment components
- 5.4.1. Electric motors
- 5.4.2. Speed reducers
- 5.4.3. Seals
- 6. Mixing scale-up / David S. Dickey
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Scale-up for fluid mixing
- 6.2.1. Dimensional analysis
- 6.2.2. Scale-up with geometric similarity
- 6.2.3. Scale-up without geometric similarity
- 6.3. Scale-up for powder mixing
- 7. Monitoring and control of mixing operations / Colette C. Fagan, P.J. Cullen and Colm P. O'Donnell
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Torque and power measurement
- 7.3. Flow measurement
- 7.3.1. Hot-wire anemometry
- 7.3.2. Laser Doppler anemometry
- 7.3.3. Phase Doppler anemometry
- 7.3.4. Flow visualization using computer vision
- 7.3.5. Particle image velocimetry
- 7.3.6. Planar laser-induced fluorescence
- 7.3.7. Tomography
- 7.4. Quantification of mixing time
- 7.4.1. NIR spectroscopy
- 7.4.2. Chemical imaging
- 8. Computational fluid mixing / Chris D. Rielly and Jolius Gimbun
- 8.1. Introduction
- 8.1.1. History of CFD
- 8.1.2. Steps towards CFD simulation of mixing processes
- 8.2. Conservation equations
- 8.2.1. Mass conservation
- 8.2.2. Momentum conservation
- 8.2.3. Turbulence
- 8.2.4. Energy conservation
- 8.2.5. Species transport
- 8.2.6. Turbulent species and energy transport
- 8.2.7. Boundary conditions
- 8.3. Numerical methods
- 8.3.1. Discretised solution of the flow variables
- 8.3.2. Grid generation
- 8.3.3. Discretisation
- 8.3.4. Finite-volume discretisation methods
- 8.3.5. Solver methods
- 8.4. Application of CFD to stirred tank modelling
- 8.4.1. Mixing operations
- 8.4.2. Representation of the impeller
- 8.4.3. Prediction of mixer performance characteristics
- 8.4.4. Simulation of unbaffled or partially baffled stirred tanks
- 8.4.5. Simulation of single-phase flow in baffled stirred tanks
- 8.4.6. Mixing and blending simulations
- 8.4.7. Multi-phase simulations
- 8.5. Application to food mixing operations
- 8.5.1. Challenges for simulation of food processes
- 8.5.2. Examples of food applications
- 8.6. Closing remarks
- 9. Immiscible liquid - liquid mixing / Fotis Spyropoulos, P.W. Cox and Ian T. Norton
- 9.1. Introduction
- 9.2. Emulsion types and properties
- 9.2.1. Kinetically trapped nano-emulsions
- 9.2.2. Pickering emulsions
- 9.2.3. Double emulsions
- 9.2.4. Air-filled emulsions
- 9.2.5. Water-in-water emulsions
- 9.3. Future challenges
- 9.3.1. Better mechanistic understanding of the emulsification process / es
- 9.3.2. Improved emulsification processes
- 9.3.3. Designed emulsions for improved nutrition and health
- 9.3.4. Reduced use of surfactants for environmental reasons
- 10. Solid - liquid mixing / Mostafa Barigou
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. Regimes of solids suspension and distribution
- 10.2.1. State of nearly complete suspension with filleting
- 10.2.2. State of complete particle motion
- 10.2.3. State of complete off-bottom suspension
- 10.2.4. State of homogeneous or uniform suspension
- 10.3. Prediction of minimum speed for complete suspension
- 10.3.1. Influence of physical properties
- 10.3.2. Influence of solids concentration
- 10.3.3. Influence of geometric parameters
- 10.4. Hydrodynamics of particle suspension and distribution
- 10.4.1. Particle slip velocity
- 10.4.2. Particle settling and drag
- 10.5. Scale-up of solid - liquid mixing
- 10.6. Damage to food particles in suspension
- 10.7. Fine particle slurries
- 11. Gas - liquid mixing / J.K. Sahu and Keshavan Niranjan
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Gas - liquid dispersion operations
- 11.2.1. Characteristics of dispersed phase - mean diameter
- 11.2.2. Gas dispersion - bubble behaviour
- 11.2.3. Gas dispersion in agitated vessels
- 11.3. Power input to turbine dispersers
- 11.4. Gas handling capacity and loading of turbine impeller
- 11.5. Bubbles in foods
- 11.6. Methods for mixing gas in liquid
- 11.6.1. Mixing by mechanical agitation under positive pressure
- 11.6.2. Mixing by mechanical agitation under vacuum
- 11.6.3. Steam-induced mixing
- 11.6.4. Other gas - liquid mixing methods
- 11.7. Characterization of bubble-containing structures
- 11.7.1. Gas hold-up
- 11.7.2. Bubble size distribution
- 11.7.3. Rheological characterization
- 11.8. Role of gases and specific ingredients in characterizing interfacial and rheological properties
- 11.9. Stability of foams and solidification of bubbly dispersions
- 11.10. Ultrasound in gas mixing and applications in food aeration
- 12. Evaluation of mixing and air bubble dispersion in viscous liquids using numerical simulations / Kiran Vyakaranam, Maureen Evans, Bharani Ashokan and Jozef L. Kokini
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. Measures of mixing and evaluation of flow
- 12.2.1. Efficiency of stretching
- 12.2.2. Dispersive mixing efficiency
- 12.2.3. Distributive mixing efficiency
- 12.3. Governing equations for calculation of flow
- 12.4. CFD approaches for simulation of mixing flows
- 12.4.1. Finite element method
- 12.4.2. Techniques to handle moving parts
- 12.5. FEM numerical simulation of batch mixer geometries
- 12.5.1. 3D numerical simulation of flow in a Brabender Farinograph®
- 12.5.2. Analysis of mixing in 2D single-screw and twin-screw geometries
- 12.6. 3D Numerical simulation of twin-screw continuous mixer geometries
- 12.6.1. Distributive mixing efficiency in a 3D mixing geometry
- 12.6.2. Evaluation of dispersive mixing in 3D continuous mixer geometry
- 12.7. Prediction of bubble and drop dispersion in a continuous mixer
- 12.8. Summary
- 13. Particulate and powder mixing / John J. Fitzpatrick
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Characterisation of particulate mixtures
- 13.2.1. Types of mixtures
- 13.2.2. Mixture quality
- 13.3. Assessment of mixture quality
- 13.3.1. Sampling
- 13.3.2. Sample variance and standard deviation
- 13.3.3. Lacey and Poole indices of mixture quality
- 13.3.4. Relative standard deviation
- 13.3.5. Estimating the true variance (s2) from the random sample variance (S2)
- 13.3.6. Assessing if satisfactory mixture quality is achieved
- 13.3.7. 'Baking a cake' method of assessing mixture quality
- 13.3.8. Influence of particle size and powder cohesiveness on mixture quality
- 13.4. Mixing mechanisms
- 13.4.1. Convection or macromixing
- 13.4.2. Diffusion or micromixing
- 13.4.3. Shearing
- 13.5. Segregation or demixing
- 13.5.1. Segregation
- 13.5.2. Reducing segregation
- 13.6. Powder mixing equipment
- 13.6.1. Tumbling mixers
- 13.6.2. Convective mixers
- 13.6.3. High shear mixers
- 13.6.4. Sigma blade mixers
- 13.6.5. Continuous mixers
- 13.7. Mixer selection and process design
- 13.7.1. Specification of mixture quality requirement
- 13.7.2. Mixer selection
- 13.7.3. Process design
- 13.8. Other factors affecting mixing process design in dry food processing
- 13.8.1. Hygiene and cleaning
- 13.8.2. Addition of multiple ingredients with large variation in properties
- 13.8.3. Addition of ingredients in liquid form
- 13.8.4. Dust prevention and control.