Gray's anatomy for students / Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W.M. Mitchell.
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| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Philadelphia. PA :
Churchill Livingstone,
[2015]
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| Edition: | Third edition. |
| Subjects: |
Table of Contents:
- 1. The body :
- What is anatomy?
- How can gross anatomy be studied?
- Important anatomical terms
- Imaging
- Diagnostic imaging techniques
- Nuclear medicine imaging
- Image interpretation
- Plain radiography
- Computed tomography
- Magnetic resonance imaging
- Nuclear medicine imaging
- Safety in imaging
- Body systems
- Skeletal system
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Joints
- Skin and fascias
- Skin
- Fascia
- Muscular system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphatic trunks and ducts
- Nervous system
- Central nervous system
- Functional subdivisions of the CNS
- Somatic part of the nervous system
- Visceral part of the nervous system
- Other systems
- Clinical cases
- 2. Back :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Functions
- Support
- Movement
- Protection of the nervous system
- Component parts
- Bones
- Muscles
- Vertebral canal
- Spinal nerves
- Relationship to other regions
- Head
- Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
- Limbs
- Key features
- Long vertebral column and short spinal cord
- Intervertebral foramina and spinal nerves
- Innervation of the back
- Regional anatomy
- Skeletal framework
- Vertebrae
- Intervertebral foramina
- Posterior spaces between vertebral arches
- Joints
- Joints between vertebrae in the back
- Ligaments
- Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
- Ligamenta flava
- Supraspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
- Interspinous ligaments
- Back musculature
- Superficial group of back muscles
- Intermediate group of back muscles
- Deep group of back muscles
- Suboccipital muscles
- Spinal cord
- Vasculature
- Meninges
- Arrangement of structures in the vertebral canal
- Spinal nerves
- Surface anatomy
- Back surface anatomy
- Absence of lateral curvatures
- Primary and secondary curvatures in the sagittal plane
- Useful nonvertebral skeletal landmarks
- How to identify specific vertebral spinous processes
- Visualizing the inferior ends of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
- Identifying major muscles
- Clinical cases
- 3. Thorax :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Functions
- Breathing
- Protection of vital organs
- Conduit
- Component parts
- Thoracic wall
- Superior thoracic aperture
- Inferior thoracic aperture
- Diaphragm
- Mediastinum
- Pleural cavities
- Relationship to other regions
- Neck
- Upper limb
- Abdomen
- Breast
- Key features
- Vertebral level TIV/V
- Venous shunts from left to right
- Segmental neurovascular supply of thoracic wall
- Sympathetic system
- Flexible wall and inferior thoracic aperture
- Innervation of the diaphragm
- Regional anatomy
- Pectoral region
- Breast
- Muscles of the pectoral region
- Thoracic wall
- Skeletal framework
- Intercostal spaces
- Diaphragm
- Venous drainage
- Innervation
- Movements of the thoracic wall and diaphragm during breathing
- Pleural cavities
- Pleura
- Lungs
- Mediastinum
- Middle mediastinum
- Superior mediastinum
- Posterior mediastinum
- Anterior mediastinum
- Surface anatomy
- Thorax surface anatomy
- How to count ribs
- Surface anatomy of the breast in women
- Visualizing structures at the TIV/V vertebral level
- Visualizing structures in the superior mediastinum
- Visualizing the margins of the heart
- Where to listen for heart sounds
- Visualizing the pleural cavities and lungs, pleural recesses, and lung lobes and fissures
- Where to listen for lung sounds
- Clinical cases
- 4. Abdomen :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Functions
- Houses and protects major viscera
- Breathing
- Changes in intra-abdominal pressure
- Component parts
- Wall
- Abdominal cavity
- Inferior thoracic aperture
- Diaphragm
- Pelvic inlet
- Relationship to other regions
- Thorax
- Pelvis
- Lower limb
- Key features
- Arrangement of abdominal viscera in the adult
- Skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall and thoracic intercostal nerves
- The groin is a weak area in the anterior abdominal wall
- Verterbral Level L1
- The gastrointestinal system and its derivatives are supplied by three major arteries
- Venous shunts from left to right
- All venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system passes through the liver
- Abdominal viscera are supplied by a large prevertebral plexus
- Regional anatomy
- Surface topography
- Four-quadrant pattern
- Nine-region pattern
- Abdominal wall
- Superficial fascia
- Anterolateral muscles
- Extraperitoneal fascia
- Peritoneum
- Innervation
- Arterial supply and venous drainage
- Lymphatic drainage
- Groin
- Inguinal canal
- Inguinal hernias
- Abdominal viscera
- Peritoneum
- Peritoneal cavity
- Organs
- Arterial supply
- Venous drainage
- Lymphatics
- Innervation
- Posterior abdominal region
- Posterior abdominal wall
- Viscera
- Vasculature
- Lymphatic system
- Nervous system in the posterior abdominal region
- Sympathetic trunks and splanchnic nerves
- Surface anatomy
- Abdomen surface anatomy
- Defining the surface projection of the abdomen
- How to find the superficial inguinal ring
- How to determine lumbar vertebral levels
- Visualizing structures at the L1 vertebral level
- Visualizing the position of major blood vessels
- Using abdominal quadrants to locate major viscera
- Defining surface regions to which pain from the gut is referred
- Where to find the kidneys
- Where to find the spleen
- Clinical cases
- 5. Pelvis and perineum :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Functions
- Contain and support bladder, rectum, anal canal, and reproductive tracts
- Anchors the roots of the external genitalia
- Component parts
- Pelvic inlet
- Pelvic walls
- Pelvic outlet
- Pelvic floor
- Pelvic cavity
- Perineum
- Relationship to other regions
- Abdomen
- Lower limb
- Key features
- The pelvic cavity projects posteriorly
- Important structures cross the ureters in the pelvic cavity
- The prostate is anterior to rectum
- The perineum is innervated by sacral spinal cord segments
- Nerves are related to bone
- Parasympathetic innervation from spinal cord levels S2 to S4 controls erection
- Muscles and fascia of the pelvic floor and perineum intersect at the perineal body
- Gender determines the course of the urethra
- Regional anatomy
- Pelvis
- Bones
- Joints
- Orientation
- Gender differences
- True pelvis
- Vicera
- Fascia
- Peritoneum
- Nerves
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatics
- Perineum
- Borders and ceiling
- Ischio-anal fossae and their anterior recesses
- Anal triangle
- Urogenital triangle
- Somatic nerves
- Visceral nerves
- Blood vessels
- Veins
- Lymphatics
- Surface anatomy
- Surface anatomy of the pelvis and perineum
- Orientation of the pelvis and perineum in the anatomical position
- How to define the margins of the perineum
- Identification of structures in the anal triangle
- Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of women
- Identification of structures in the urogenital triangle of men
- Clinical cases
- 6. Lower limb :
- Conceptual overview
- General introduction
- Function
- Support the body weight
- Locomotion
- Component parts
- Bones and joints
- Muscles
- Relationship to other regions
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Perineum
- Key points
- Innervation is by lumbar and sacral spinal nerves
- Nerves related to bone
- Superficial veins
- Regional anatomy
- Bony pelvis
- Proximal femur
- Hip joint
- Gateways to the lower limb
- Nerves
- Arteries
- Veins
- Lymphatics
- Deep fascia and the saphenous opening
- Femoral triangle
- Gluteal region
- Muscles
- Nerves
- Arteries
- Veins
- Lymphatics
- Thigh
- Bones
- Muscles
- Arteries
- Veins
- Nerves
- Knee joint
- Tibiofibular joint
- Popliteal fossa
- Leg
- Bones
- Joints
- Posterior compartment of leg
- Lateral compartment of leg
- Anterior compartment of leg
- Foot
- Bones
- Joints
- Tarsal tunnel, retinacula, and arrangement of major structures at the ankle
- Arches of the foot
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Fibrous sheaths of toes
- Extensor hoods
- Intrinsic muscles
- Arteries
- Veins
- Nerves
- Surface anatomy
- Lower limb surface anatomy
- Avoiding the sciatic nerve
- Finding the femoral artery in the femoral triangle
- Identifying structures around the knee
- Visualizing the contents of the popliteal fossa
- Finding the tarsal tunnel-the gateway to the foot
- Identifying tendons around the ankle and in the foot
- Finding the dorsalis pedis artery
- Approximating the position of the plantar arterial arch
- Major superficial veins
- Pulse points
- Clinical cases
- 7. Upper limb :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Functions
- Positioning the hand
- The hand as a mechanical tool
- The hand as a sensory tool
- Component parts
- Bones and joints
- Muscles
- Relationship to other regions
- Neck
- Back and thoracic wall
- Key points
- Innervation by cervical and upper thoracic nerves
- Nerves related to bone
- Superficial veins
- Orientation of the thumb
- Regional anatomy
- Shoulder
- Bones
- Joints
- Muscles
- Posterior scapular region
- Muscles
- Gateways to the posterior scapular region
- Nerves
- Arteries and veins
- Axilla
- Axillary inlet
- Anterior wall
- Medial wall
- Lateral wall
- Posterior wall
- Gateways in the posterior wall
- Floor
- Contents of the axilla
- Arm
- Bones
- Muscles
- Arteries and veins
- Nerves
- Elbow joint
- Cubital fossa
- Forearm
- Bones
- Joints
- Anterior compartment of the forearm
- Muscles
- Arteries and veins
- Nerves
- Posterior compartment of the forearm
- Muscles
- Arteries and veins
- Nerves
- Hand
- Bones
- Joints
- Carpal tunnel and structures at the wrist
- Palmar aponeurosis
- Palmaris brevis
- Anatomical snuffbox
- Fibrous digital sheaths
- Extensor hoods
- Muscles
- Arteries and veins
- Nerves
- Surface anatomy
- Upper limb surface anatomy
- Bony landmarks and muscles of the posterior scapular region
- Visualizing the axilla and locating contents and related structures
- Locating the brachial artery in the arm
- The triceps brachii tendon and position of the radial nerve
- Cubital fossa (anterior view)
- Identifying tendons and locating major vessels and nerves in the distal forearm
- Normal appearance of the hand
- Position of the flexor retinaculum and the recurrent branch of the median nerve
- Motor function of the median and ulnar nerves in the hand
- Visualizing the positions of the superficial and deep palmar arches
- Pulse points
- Clinical cases
- 8. Head and neck :
- Conceptual overview
- General description
- Head
- Neck
- Functions
- Protection
- Contains upper parts of respiratory and digestive tracts
- Communication
- Positioning the head
- Connects the upper and lower respiratory and digestive tracts
- Component parts
- Skull
- Cervical vertebrae
- Hyoid bone
- Soft palate
- Muscles
- Relationship to other regions
- Thorax
- Upper limbs
- Key features
- Vertebral levels CIII/IV and CV/VI
- Airway in the neck
- Cranial nerves
- Cervical nerves
- Functional separation of the digestive and respiratory passages
- Triangles of the neck
- Regional anatomy
- Skull
- Anterior view
- Lateral view
- Posterior view
- Superior view
- Inferior view
- Cranial cavity
- Roof
- Floor
- Meninges
- Cranial dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
- Arrangement of meninges and spaces
- Brain and its blood supply
- Brain
- Blood supply
- Venous drainage
- Cranial nerves
- Olfactory nerve [I]
- Optic nerve [II]
- Oculomotor nerve [III]
- Trochlear nerve [IV]
- Trigeminal nerve [V]
- Ophthalmic nerve [V1]
- Maxillary nerve [V2]
- Mandibular nerve [V3]
- Abducent nerve [VI]
- Facial nerve [VII]
- Vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII]
- Glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
- Vagus nerve [X]
- Accessory nerve [XI]
- Hypoglossal nerve [XII]
- Face
- Muscles
- Parotid gland
- Innervation
- Vessels
- Scalp
- Layers
- Innervation
- Vessels
- Lymphatic drainage
- Orbit
- Bony orbit
- Eyelids
- Lacrimal apparatus
- Sensory innervation
- Fissures and foramina
- Fascial specializations
- Muscles
- Vessels
- Innervation
- Eyeball
- Ear
- External ear
- Middle ear
- Internal ear
- Temporal and infratemporal fossae
- Bony framework
- Temporomandibular joints
- Masseter muscle
- Temporal fossa
- Infratemporal fossa
- Pterygopalatine fossa
- Skeletal framework
- Gateways
- Contents
- Neck
- Fascia
- Superficial venous drainage
- Anterior triangle of the neck
- Posterior triangle of the neck
- Root of the neck
- Pharynx
- Skeletal framework
- Pharyngeal wall
- Fascia
- Gaps in the pharyngeal wall and structures passing through them
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
- Tonsils
- Vessels
- Nerves
- Larynx
- Laryngeal cartilages
- Extrinsic ligaments
- Intrinsic ligaments
- Laryngeal joints
- Cavity of the larynx
- Intrinsic muscles
- Function of the larynx
- Vessels
- Nerves
- Nasal cavities
- Lateral wall
- Regions
- Innervation and blood supply
- Skeletal framework
- External nose
- Paranasal sinuses
- Walls, floor, and roof
- Nares
- Choanae
- Gateways
- Vessels
- Innervation
- Oral cavity
- Multiple nerves innervate the oral cavity
- Skeletal framework
- Walls: the cheeks
- Floor
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Roof-palate
- Oral fissure and lips
- Oropharyngeal isthmus
- Teeth and gingivae
- Surface anatomy
- Head and neck surface anatomy
- Anatomical position of the head and major landmarks
- Visualizing structures at the CIII/CIV and CVI vertebral levels
- How to outline the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck
- How to locate the cricothyroid ligament
- How to find the thyroid gland
- Estimating the position of the middle meningeal artery
- Major features of the face
- The eye and lacrimal apparatus
- External ear
- Pulse points
- Clinical cases.