Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea : an introductory guide / edited by Katrin Schroeder, Jacopo Chiggiato.
Oceanography of the Mediterranean Sea: An Introductory Guide provides a comprehensive but concise introduction to the physical oceanography of one of the most fascinating marginal seas, the Mediterranean Sea. The book is primarily focused on the state-of-the-art understanding of the physical functio...
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Format: | Ebook |
Language: | English |
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Amsterdam, Netherlands :
Elsevier,
[2023]
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Online Access: | Click here to view this book |
Table of Contents:
- 1. - Introduction
- 1.1. The Mediterranean Sea, a “miniature ocean”
- 1.2. Book structure and contents
- 1.3. Learning objectives at a glance
- 2. - Mediterranean Sea evolution and present-day physiography
- 2.1. Origin of the Mediterranean Sea
- 2.1.1. Kinematic and geodynamical overview
- 2.1.2. Messinian salinity crisis: an extraordinary event
- 2.2. Dimensions and seafloor topography
- 2.3. Sedimentation on continental margins
- 2.3.1. Tectonic movements and sedimentation
- 2.3.2. Climate and sedimentation
- 2.4. Concluding remarks
- 3. - Mediterranean climate: past, present and future
- 3.1. General climate and morphological characteristics of the Mediterranean basin
- 3.2. Instrumental observations, satellites, and reanalyses
- 3.3. Climate models and their evolution
- 3.3.1. Components of climate models and model hierarchy
- 3.3.2. Climate modeling international programs
- 3.4. Heat and moisture balance at Mediterranean regional scale and relation to surface climate
- 3.4.1. Heat budget
- 3.4.2. Moisture budget
- 3.5. The atmospheric circulation of the subtropics and mid-latitudes
- 3.5.1. The Mediterranean basin as a transitional region
- 3.5.2. The Mediterranean storm track
- 3.5.3. Remote factors affecting the Mediterranean climate
- 3.6. Evolution of Mediterranean climate
- 3.6.1. Astronomical forcing
- 3.6.2. The formation of the Mediterranean and geophysical forcing of Mediterranean climate
- 3.6.3. The last million years: the glacial cycles
- 3.6.4. The last millennia: the historical period
- 3.6.5. Anthropogenic climate change
- 4. - The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses
- 4.1. The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea
- 4.1.1. Exchanges through the strait of Gibraltar
- 4.1.2. Climatological mean surface flux fields
- 4.1.2.1. Wind stress
- 4.1.2.2. Heat flux
- 4.1.2.3. Freshwater flux
- 4.1.3. Temporal variability
- 4.2. The thermohaline properties of the Mediterranean water masses
- 4.2.1. Water masses, water types, and their representation
- 4.2.2. Water mass analysis and the interpretation of the TS diagram
- 4.2.3. Water mass properties and distribution in the Mediterranean Sea
- 4.2.3.1. Atlantic water
- 4.2.3.2. Intermediate water
- 4.2.3.3. Deep water
- 4.3. Other water mass tracers
- 5. - Mediterranean Sea level
- 5.1. General concepts about sea level
- 5.2. Techniques for measuring sea level
- 5.2.1. Tide gauges
- 5.2.2. Satellite altimetry
- 5.2.3. Sea level proxies
- 5.2.4. Supplementary techniques for understanding sea level changes
- 5.3. Past evolution of Mediterranean Sea level
- 5.3.1. Holocene sea-level changes and the role of isostatic-related subsidence
- 5.3.2. Decadal to centennial sea level trends since the late 19th century
- 5.4. Future projections of Mediterranean Sea level
- 6. - Surface wave and sea surface dynamics in the Mediterranean
- 6.1. General concepts about waves, definitions and phenomenology
- 6.2. Tides and seiches
- 6.2.1. Generalities and basic definitions
- 6.2.2. Tides in the Mediterranean Sea
- 6.3. Marine storms and coastal floods in the Mediterranean Sea
- 6.3.1. Storm surges
- 6.3.2. Planetary scale forcing of storm surges
- 6.3.3. Synoptic scale forcing of storm surges
- 6.3.4. Mesoscale forcing of storm surges
- 6.3.5. Prediction of storm surges
- 6.3.6. Coastal floods in future climates
- 6.4. Wind generated waves
- 6.4.1. Generalities and basic definitions
- 6.4.2. Wind and waves regimes in the Mediterranean Sea
- 6.4.3. Waves forecasts in the Mediterranean Sea
- 6.4.4. Past and future evolution of wind-generated waves
- 6.5. Tsunamis
- 6.5.1. Historical events in the Mediterranean Sea
- 6.5.2. Source, propagation and tsunami models
- 6.5.3. Meteotsunamis
- 6.5.4. Early warning systems
- 7. - Dense and deep water formation processes and Mediterranean overturning circulation
- 7.1. General concepts
- 7.2. Dense/deep water characteristics and formation rates
- 7.3. Observations of deep/dense water formation in the Mediterranean Sea
- 7.3.1. Convection and deep water formation in the Gulf of Lion: five decades of observations
- 7.3.2. Deep water formation in the eastern Mediterranean
- 7.3.2.1. The Adriatic Sea as a main contributor to Eastern Mediterranean deep waters
- 7.3.2.2. The Aegean Sea as an intermittent deep water source to the eastern Mediterranean
- 7.3.3. Formation of intermediate water masses
- 7.3.3.1. Levantine intermediate water
- 7.3.3.2. Cretan intermediate water
- 7.3.3.3. Western intermediate water
- 7.3.3.4. Tyrrhenian intermediate water
- 7.3.4. Dense shelf water formation and cascading
- 7.3.4.1. Gulf of Lion
- 7.3.4.2. Adriatic Sea
- 7.4. Theory of dense/deep water formation processes: general concepts
- 7.4.1. Theory of dense/deep water formation in the open ocean
- 7.4.2. Dense water formation on the shelf and their cascading into the deep ocean
- 7.5. Numerical modeling of deep/dense water formation
- 7.5.1. Dense/deep water formation numerical modeling in the open ocean
- 7.5.2. Dense/deep water cascading numerical modeling
- 7.6. The Mediterranean overturning circulation: structure and dynamics
- 7.6.1. Zonal overturning
- 7.6.2. Western Mediterranean overturning
- 7.6.3. Eastern Mediterranean overturning
- 7.6.4. Comparison of the Mediterranean with the North Atlantic overturning
- 7.7. Concluding remarks
- 8. - Fronts, eddies and mesoscale circulation in the Mediterranean Sea
- 8.1. General concepts
- 8.2. Mediterranean Sea mesoscale variability derived from satellite altimetry
- 8.2.1. Mediterranean sea field dependency on the satellite constellation
- 8.2.2. Quantifying spatial and temporal variability
- 8.3. Eddies, fronts and vertical velocity
- 8.3.1. Vertical velocity and fronts in the Mediterranean Sea
- 8.3.2. Eddy detection, tracking and characterisation
- 8.4. Future perspectives
- 9. - Recent changes in the Mediterranean Sea
- 9.1. General concepts about Mediterranean water masses and their circulation
- 9.2. Changes observed in the Eastern Mediterranean water masses
- 9.2.1. Formation of dense waters and the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT)
- 9.2.2. Decadal oscillations of the upper thermohaline circulation in the EMED
- 9.2.3. Post-EMT status in the EMED
- 9.3. Changes observed in the Western Mediterranean water masses
- 9.3.1. The twentieth century: gradual warming and salinification
- 9.3.2. Changes during the 21st century: the Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT)
- 9.4. Long-term trends and climate change
- 9.5. Impact on the Mediterranean-Atlantic system
- 9.5.1. Mediterranean outflow water (MOW)
- 9.5.2. Following the MOW signal: from the strait of Gibraltar to the North Atlantic
- 9.5.3. MOW trends and variability
- 10. - Mediterranean observing and forecasting systems
- 10.1. The emergence of operational oceanography in the Mediterranean Sea
- 10.2. The framework for ocean observing and the essential ocean variables
- 10.3. Observing systems operating in the Mediterranean Sea
- 10.3.1. Satellites
- 10.3.2. In-situ and land-based remote sensing observations: systems and international coordination programs
- 10.3.2.1. Research vessels
- 10.3.2.2. Moorings
- 10.3.2.3. Tide gauges and coastal stations
- 10.3.2.4. Drifters
- 10.3.2.5. Profiling floats
- 10.3.2.6. Gliders
- 10.3.2.7. HF radars
- 10.3.2.8. FerryBox
- 10.3.2.9. Animal tagging
- 10.3.2.10. EuroGOOS and MONGOOS
- 10.3.3. Multi-platform regional and coastal observing systems
- 10.3.3.1. MOOSE
- 10.3.3.2. SOCIB
- 10.3.3.3. POSEIDON
- 10.3.3.4. Other sustained multi-platform observing systems and intensive surveys
- 10.4. Forecasting the Mediterranean Sea
- 10.4.1. General concepts
- 10.4.1.1. Hydrodynamics
- 10.4.1.2. Storm surges and meteotsunamis
- 10.4.1.3. Wind waves
- 10.4.1.4. Biogeochemistry
- 10.4.1.5. Data assimilation as a tool to integrate models and observations
- 10.4.1.6. Reaching coastal scales
- 10.4.1.7. Coupling hydrodynamics, wave, hydrology, and atmospheric components
- 10.4.2. Illustration of some of the Mediterranean regional ocean prediction systems
- 10.4.2.1. Copernicus marine environment monitoring service
- 10.4.2.2. SOCIB
- 10.4.2.3. Poseidon
- 10.4.2.4. Other prediction systems
- 10.5. Data management and distribution
- 10.6. Concluding remarks
- 11. - Mediterranean Sea general biogeochemistry
- 11.1. Dissolved oxygen distribution and ventilation
- 11.1.1. Introduction
- 11.1.2. Measurements of oxygen and models contribution
- 11.1.3. Dissolved oxygen distribution in the Mediterranean Sea
- 11.1.4. Ventilation mechanisms
- 11.1.5. Long term trends: in situ observation and model contribution
- 11.2. Dissolved nutrients: forms, sources, distribution, and dynamics
- 11.2.1. Introduction
- 11.2.2. Nutrient forms and sources
- 11.2.3. Nutrients distribution
- 11.2.4. Impact of the circulation on nutrients and biological dynamics
- 11.2.5. Anomalous N:P ratio
- 11.2.6. The anthropogenic impact
- 11.3. Dissolved organic matter: relevance, distribution, and dynamics
- 11.3.1. Introduction, definitions, and relevance
- 11.3.2. DOC distribution in the Mediterranean Sea, a basin scale view
- 11.3.2.1. Surface layer
- 11.3.2.2. Seasonal variability
- 11.3.2.3. Intermediate layer
- 11.3.2.4. Deep layer
- 11.3.3. Properties of Mediterranean DOM
- 11.3.3.1. Optical properties
- 11.3.3.2. Molecular composition
- 11.3.4. External sources of DOM
- 11.3.4.1. River run-off
- 11.3.4.2. Atmospheric input
- 11.4. Inorganic carbon chemistry and acidification in the Mediterranean Sea: concepts, particularities, and distribution
- 11.4.1. General definitions and current challenges of the seawater CO2 system
- 11.4.2. General processes affecting the CO2 system with a Mediterranean overview
- 11.4.3. Particularities and distribution of the CO2 system in the Mediterranean Sea
- 11.4.4. Surface pCO2 and air-sea CO2 fluxes
- 11.4.5. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean acidification in the Mediterranean Sea
- 11.4.6. Current biogeochemical monitoring activities with focus on CO2 variables in the Mediterranean Sea
- 11.5. Identifying Mediterranean Sea water masses using biogeochemistry
- 11.6. Future projections and threats to Mediterranean biogeochemistry
- 11.6.1. Climate change and its impact on the oceans' biogeochemistry and Mediterranean peculiarities
- 11.6.2. Expected changes of biogeochemical conditions in the Mediterranean Sea
- 11.6.3. Regional differences on the effect of climate change in the various Mediterranean subbasins
- 12. - Active geological processes in the Mediterranean Sea
- 12.1. General concepts
- 12.2. Sedimentary processes from the coast to the deep sea
- 12.2.1. Coastal environments
- 12.2.2. Deep-water environments
- 12.2.2.1. Submarine landslides
- 12.2.2.2. Turbidity currents
- 12.2.2.3. Near seafloor currents and contourites
- 12.2.2.4. Sedimentation related to dense-shelf water cascading and open-ocean convection
- 12.3. Submarine and insular volcanoes
- 12.4. Cold seeps: diversity, distribution and controls
- 12.4.1. Key-points on submarine cold seeps
- 12.4.2. Diversity of widespread cold seeps
- 12.4.3. Mud volcanoes
- 12.4.4. Pockmarks
- 12.4.5. Methane-derived authigenic carbonate structures
- 12.4.6. Brine seeps
- 12.4.7. Gas hydrates
- 12.4.8. Processes controlling the formation of gas and its migration
- 12.5. Geohazards and ecosystems
- 12.5.1. Geohazards
- 12.5.2. Ecosystems
- 13. - The Mediterranean Sea in the Anthropocene
- 13.1. General concepts
- 13.2. Reduction of seafloor integrity
- 13.2.1. Trawling
- 13.2.2. Ghost fishing
- 13.2.3. Littering and dumping
- 13.2.4. Direct seafloor modifications
- 13.2.5. Ammunitions on the seafloor
- 13.3. Modification of coastal lithosomes
- 13.3.1. Deltas
- 13.3.2. Prodeltas
- 13.3.3. Lagoons
- 13.3.4. Ebb and flood tidal deltas
- 13.3.5. Drowned coastal barrier islands use as borrow places to extract sands
- 13.4. Man-made alterations of the Mediterranean hydrological cycle
- 13.5. The load of human activities in changing Mediterranean biogeochemical dynamics
- 13.6. Dynamic of pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea
- 13.6.1. The European directives (WFD and MSFD)
- 13.6.2. The biogeochemistry of contaminants: geomorphological interferences
- 13.6.3. Heavy metals in seawater, sediments, and organisms
- 13.6.4. Organic pollutants in seawater, sediments, and organisms
- 13.6.5. Emerging pollutants: pharmaceutical products, drugs, etc.
- 13.7. Plastisphere in the Mediterranean Sea
- 13.8. Concluding remarks.